Skip to content

Zeitschriftendatenbank

Content

New search

Theologische Literaturzeitung : Monatsschrift für das gesamte Gebiet der Theologie und Religionswissenschaft

Leipzig : Evangelische Verl.-Anst. 1.1876 -

http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/digitue/t... [Publisher; 1.1876 - 120.1995] free of charge 
http://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms... [Digitisation] free of charge 

Place this title record on the watch list
Options
ExportMARC21xmlJSON-LDTurtleRDF/XML
Order options
More title information
ZDB-ID

2014174-9  

Title

Theologische Literaturzeitung : Monatsschrift für das gesamte Gebiet der Theologie und Religionswissenschaft

Published

Leipzig : Evangelische Verl.-Anst.

Publication history

1.1876 -

Notes

Abbreviated title: TL

Abbreviated title: TLit

Abbreviated title: TLZ

Abbreviated title: ThLZ

Abbreviated title: Th Lit Z

Abbreviated title: Theol LZ

Abbreviated title: Theol Lit Z

Abbreviated title: Theol Lit Ztg

Abbreviated title: Theol Literaturzeitung

Online-Ressource

Gesehen am 11.11.20

Other editions

Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe:  Theologische Literaturzeitung  (ISSN: 0040-5671) 

Standard numbers

OCLC number: 1039305976

URL

http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/...  [EZB] 

http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/digitue/t...  [Publisher; 1.1876 - 120.1995] free of charge

https://www.thlz.com  [Publisher] 

http://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms...  [Digitisation] free of charge

Subject indexing

DDC subject groups: 290 Other religions  ;  230 Christianity & Christian theology 

German subject headings:
Evangelische Theologie ; Rezension ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation

Special subject collections: FID-THEO-DE-21 ; 1

Manifestation

journal

Language

German 

Country of publication

Deutsches Reich; Germany 1945 - 1949  ;  Germany, Federal Republic of and Germany since 1990-10-03 

Media type

available online

Frequency

monthly ; biweekly

IDN

020435401

Last Change

10-02-22

ClosexDelivery services
Please note: The ZDB only provides links to the delivery services. Please note the providers’ terms of service.

Filter holdings

Filter holdings
Filter holdings

Year of publication

Interlibrary loan region

Location of library

Export title record
Close x
Preview
Sorted by
Display all holding information
Ansbach HS
Link to library information[BAY, DE-1102]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Augsburg SuStB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-37]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Augsburg UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-384]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876,1 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
https://ezb.ur.de/detail.phtml?bibid=UBA... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBA&owner=... [Readme] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBA&owner=... [Readme] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Bamberg UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-473]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
no
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBB&owner=... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Bayreuth UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-703]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Berlin FU E-Medien
Link to library information[BER, DE-188-e]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Berlin UBHU, Elektron. Ress.
Link to library information[BER, DE-11-10]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://www.thlz.com/ [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Berlin ZLB
Link to library information[BER, DE-109]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=ZLB&owner=... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.com/index.php?&lang=de [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Cottbus UB Cottbus-Senftenberg
Link to library information[BER, DE-634]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Darmstadt EKHN ZentralB
Link to library information[HES, DE-Ds97]
Holdings
Eichstätt UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-824]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBE&owner=... [Read me] 
http://han.ku.de/ezb/start?ezbid=1987&ti... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Erlangen-Nürnberg UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-29]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBEN&owner... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Frankfurt/M Elektron.Ressour.
Link to library information[HES, DE-30-900]
Holdings
Frankfurt/M UAS
Link to library information[HES, DE-946]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Freiburg UB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-25]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876,1 -
URL
https://ezb.ur.de/detail.phtml?bibid=UBF... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBFRE&owne... [Readme] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBFRE&owne... [Readme] 
https://ezproxy-unifr.redi-bw.de/login?u... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Gießen UB
Link to library information[HES, DE-26]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only (within Germany)
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBGIE&owne... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.com/ [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Göttingen SUB
Link to library information[NIE, DE-7]
Holdings
Holdings
lizenziert: 1.1876,1 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only (within Germany)
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Hamburg HSU
Link to library information[HAM, DE-705]
Holdings
Holdings
lizenziert: 121.1996 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Hannover TIB
Link to library information[NIE, DE-89]
Holdings
Holdings
lizenziert: 1.1876,1 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Heidelberg UB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-16]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only (within Germany)
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBHE&owner... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Ingolstadt THI
Link to library information[BAY, DE-573]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Jena ThULB
Link to library information[THU, DE-27]
Holdings
Holdings
lizenziert: 1.1876,1 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Karlsruhe KIT-Bibliothek
Link to library information[BAW, DE-90]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Karlsruhe LB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-31]
Holdings
Holdings
72.1947 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=BLB&owner=... [Read me] 
http://ezproxy.blb-karlsruhe.de/login?ur... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Köln Erzb.Diöz.
Link to library information[NRW, DE-Kn28]
Holdings
Holdings
[Elektronische Zeitschrift]
Konstanz Universität KIM
Link to library information[BAW, DE-352]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBKO&owner... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.com/ [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Leipzig DNB
Link to library information[SAX, DE-101a]
Holdings
Holdings
[Zugriff auf den lizenzfreien Volltext über URL]
Leipzig UB
Link to library information[SAX, DE-15]
Holdings
Holdings
121.1996 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBL&owner=... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Leipzig UB,BMN
Link to library information[SAX, DE-15-292]
Holdings
Holdings
121.1996 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBL&owner=... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Linz Kath. Privatuniv.
Link to library information[WEU, AT-HBTL]
Holdings
Ludwigsburg Ev.HS
Link to library information[BAW, DE-Rt3]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Holdings
1.1876,1 -
URL
https://ezb.ur.de/detail.phtml?bibid=EHL... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=EHLB&owner... [Readme] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=EHLB&owner... [Readme] 
http://elk-wue-han.hh-netman.de/ezb/star... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Marburg UB
Link to library information[HES, DE-4]
Holdings
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [F] 
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
no
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBMA&owner... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.com/ [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
München BSB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-12]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=BSB&owner=... [Read me] 
http://emedia1.bsb-muenchen.de/ezb/start... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
München HMB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-M347]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
https://ezb.ur.de/detail.phtml?bibid=FHM... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
München UB LMU
Link to library information[BAY, DE-19]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBM&owner=... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.com.emedien.ub.uni-muenc... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Neubiberg UniBundeswehr
Link to library information[BAY, DE-706]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Neuburg/Donau SB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-150]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Nürnberg Evang. HS
Link to library information[BAY, DE-1052]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Passau UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-739]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBPA&owner... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Regensburg IOS WGL
Link to library information[BAY, DE-Re13]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
https://ezb.ur.de/detail.phtml?bibid=WIO... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Regensburg OTHBR
Link to library information[BAY, DE-898]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Regensburg SB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-155]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Regensburg UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-355]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBR&owner=... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Rom DHI Bibliothek
Link to library information[WEU, DE-2491]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Saarbrücken SULB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-291]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
no
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=SULB&owner... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Speyer Pfälzische LB
Link to library information[NRW, DE-107]
Holdings
Location
Online-Zugang
Holdings
1.1876 -
[Zugriff in allen Räumlichkeiten der LBZ-Bibliotheken]
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... 
Stuttgart Ev. Oberkirchenrat
Link to library information[BAW, DE-Stg117]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
no
URL
https://ezb.ur.de/detail.phtml?bibid=LKZ... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=LKZBS&owne... [Readme] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=LKZBS&owne... [Readme] 
http://elk-wue-han.hh-netman.de/ezb/star... [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Stuttgart WLB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-24]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=WLB&owner=... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.com/index.php?&lang=de [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Stuttgart-Hoh. KIM
Link to library information[BAW, DE-100]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBHOH&owne... [Read me] 
http://www.thlz.de/recherche/ [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Tübingen UB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-21]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... 
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBTUE&owne... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Weingarten HSB
Link to library information[BAW, DE-747]
Holdings
Holdings
121.1996 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://www.thlz.com/ [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Wiesbaden HLB Rheinstr.
Link to library information[HES, DE-43]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Würzburg UB
Link to library information[BAY, DE-20]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 -
Interlibrary loan
yes, paper copy only
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://ezb.ur.de/ReadMe?bibid=UBW&owner=... [Read me] 
https://www.thlz.com [Volltext] 
Licence
full text, online and print editions available. - single licence. - subject to fee
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required
Technische Hochschule Augsburg, Bibliothek
Link to library information[BAY, DE-Aug4]
Holdings
Holdings
1.1876 - 120.1995
URL
http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/... [EZB Link] 
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/... [Volltext] 
Licence
digitised. - single licence. - no licence required